Summary：Guangzhou Metro is a light rail transit system in the city of Guanghzou (formerly known as Canton) in China. It is the fourth metro system to be introduced in Mainland China.

Guangzhou Metro is a light rail transit system in the city of Guanghzou (formerly known as Canton) in China. It is the fourth metro system to be introduced in Mainland China.

It is the third largest city in China, and, in December 1994, became the second, after Shanghai, to order a new light-rail system. The system is operated by the state-owned Guangzhou Metro Corporation.

The city has 7 million inhabitants and is situated in the south of the country near Hong Kong. Construction of a subway network was approved in 1989 and was started in 1993.

The city, in the south of one of the world's most populous countries, was initially planned to have a two-line metro system, which uses some of the latest light-rail technology, and was a model for a completely integrated project.

The number of lines was, however, increased later. The metro now operates five lines, with an additional seven lines underway.

The project

The five lines of the Guangzhou Metro system span a length of 150km and connect 88 stations in the city.

The first phase of the 18.5km (11.5 mile) Line 1 was opened in June 1997, comprising the first 16 of the eventual 17 stations to be built on this line, along with the depot and workshops. The 17th station was opened in June 1999.

Line 3 of the metro system is 36km long and connects 19 stations. The extension of line 3 that is under construction is 30.8km long and connects an additional 12 stations to the line.

The fourth line of the system is 43.8km long and connects 14 stations. It is being extended by 3.02km and will add two stations to the line. The fifth line which was opened in 2009 is 31.9km long, and connects 24 stations.

The new lines 6,8 and 9 are under construction, while line 7 is in the planning stage. The expansion of lines 2, 3 and 5 is being carried out along with the construction of new lines. In addition, about 12 more lines are in the long-term plan for the metro.

The total project cost is around ￡1bn (CNY12,700m), which includes the necessary civil works, which have been co-ordinated by the Guanghzou Metro Corporation. It has employed largely Chinese contractors, and design work was the responsibility of the design institutes of the Chinese Ministry of Railways, under the supervision of the Second Railway Survey & Design Institute in Chengdu.

Line routes

The first line of the Guangzhou Metro has the stations Guangzhou East and Xilang as the terminals. The line shares stations with lines 2, 3 and 5.

Line 2 is an L-shaped line connecting Sanyuanli to Wanshengwei via Xiaogang and Pazhou stations. Line 2 has common stations with all existing lines; 1, 3, 4 and 5. Part of line 2 is used by line 8 in its first phase.

The third line of the metro is a Y-shaped line with Guangzhou East station, Tianhe coach terminal and Panyu Square as the terminals. The track connecting Guangzhou East station and Panyu Square is the main track of the line, while Tianhe coach terminal intersects the main line at Tiyu Xilu. Line 3 intersects lines 1, 2 and 5.

The fourth line is almost an L-shaped line connecting Chebeinan to Jinzhou through Wanshengwei and Huangge and intersects with lines 2 and 5.

The fifth line of the system connects Wenchong and Jiaokou and shares stations with all of the other lines.

Rolling stock
For operation on Line 1, 21 trains, each comprising six vehicles, were ordered. These have been supplied by Siemens-AEG of Berlin, Germany, along with the train equipment, high and medium voltage traction power supply and other ancillary control systems, including the network's own telecommunications system.

The vehicles were built in Hennigsdorf near Berlin, and the first was delivered early in 1997. As of January 2010, line 1 is operating about 126 trains supplied by Siemens and 48 by Bombardier and Chinese firm Changchun Car.

On Line 2 trains have been built by a joint venture of Bombardier and Changchun Car. The first of the 26 Bombardier Movia trains were built in Germany with later trains built in China. The total fleet size operated on Line 2 is 156.

The fleet of line 3 was manufactured by Siemens AG and Zhuzhou Electrical Locomotive Works. The total number of cars being operated is 120. Lines 4 and 5 have a total fleet size of 300, manufactured by Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock Series.

Infrastructure

Line 1 was inaugurated on 28 June 1999 and was built as a turnkey project by a consortium led by Siemens. It has a total length of 18.3km with 17 stations and runs from the Guanghzou Iron and Steel Works in the south-western suburb of Fangcun, crosses the Pearl River, and traverses the busy commercial district along Zhongshan Road to the East Railway Station, which is the terminus for the main line to Hong Kong. All but 2km of this line have been built underground, so that road traffic already very heavy - is affected as little as possible.

Construction of line 2 started in 1999 and it was opened in April 2003, a year ahead of schedule. The line extends from south to north, starting from Pazhou in Haizhu District,via Zhongshan University and Guangzhou Arts college, across Zhujiang River to an interchange with the Metro Line 1 at GongyuanQian, to Zhongshan Memorial Hall, Fair Building, guangzhou Railway station, shanyuanli, and Baiyun Interational Airport to Jiangxia.

Signalling/communications
The 17 stations on Line 1 are supported by six interlocking areas, which ensure the safety of the network and form the backbone of the signalling infrastructure, which is provided by a SIG system. The system has been installed by German-based manufacturer Siemens, and the interlockings use the latest 16-bit technology.

"In common with other, similar major projects, finance is the main obstacle to future development."Operators in the system's control centre input information into workstations which then control, and adjust where necessary, the required headway between trains. An automatic train protection (ATP) system has also been installed, based on the same technology as the SIG system, to ensure complete compatibility.

The acceleration and deceleration of each train is controlled by an automatic train operation (ATO) system, which determines the rate at which a train should be accelerated or decelerated, taking into account the line speed limit and the gradient of the stretch of line involved.

SIG also installed the passenger information system used at the stations across the network. This also uses the latest technology, and includes displays showing the time to the next train, its destination, and calling points en route. The control centre houses systems which devise and implement the running timetable and train and staff rosters, and automatically ensure that all trains follow the correct route. The system is also the first in China to use an automated fare collection system. The system was developed and manufactured by Cubic Transportation Systems (CTS), based in San Diego, California.

CTS won the contract to install the first system of its type under a contract worth $19.5m (￡11.8m), which involved the installation of 400 pieces of equipment. The system includes a central computer, station computers, automatic ticket machines, fare gates, booking office machines, high-speed encoders and ticket checkers. The system uses magnetically encoded plastic tickets.

The future

In common with other, similar major projects, finance is the main obstacle to future development. Given the turmoil experienced by many of the economies of the Far East as the 20th century drew to a close, any further development was likely to involve substantial support from banks and financial institutions outside the region. Despite the enormous demand for light-rail investment, given the obvious benefits in reducing traffic congestion and pollution, the project faces immense competition from other infrastructure development plans.

Despite this, the expansion of the lines 2, 3 and 5 is being carried out along with the construction of new lines. Lines 6, 8 and 9 are under construction, while line 7 is in the planning stage. A further 12 lines are also proposed for the future.